In this approach, a linear DNA template and a T7, a T3, or an Sp6 phage RNA polymerase are used in vitro to design the mRNA containing 5' and 3' untranslated regions (UTRs).

Exploitation of mRNA, the intermediate step between the protein-encoding DNA and the protein manufactured by ribosomes, has proven to be a favorable alternative to conventional vaccines. Nucleic acid therapeutics have emerged as promising alternatives to conventional vaccine approaches. Messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccines have generated significant excitement not only for their potential to complement or even replace traditional vaccines against infectious diseases, but also for their potential use in noninfectious diseases, including cancer. Recently, 2 mRNA vaccines were approved for the first time for human use-to prevent COVID-19 infection-bringing excitement for the future possibilities of this approach for cancer immunotherapy as well as for preventing other infectious diseases.

Dendritic cells (DCs) can be utilized as a carrier by delivering tumor-associated antigen mRNAs or total tumor RNA to their cytoplasm then, the mRNA-loaded DCs can be delivered to the host to elicit a specific immune response. The resulting antigens are presented to the immune system cells to stimulate an immune response. Once administered and internalized by host cells, the mRNA transcripts are translated directly in the cytoplasm of the cell. mRNA vaccines traditionally consist of a messenger RNA synthesized by in vitro transcription using a bacteriophage RNA polymerase and a template DNA that encodes the antigen(s) of interest. During the last decade, the mRNA vaccine approach has been increasingly recognized and viewed as a versatile tool for the development of new innovative therapeutics not only in infectious disease settings but also in cancer. They combine the potential of mRNA to encode for almost any protein with an excellent safety profile and a flexible production process. Messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccines are a relatively new class of vaccines.

Messenger rna vaccine